Chapter+20

  Augmentation - the process of systematically lengthening the duration of pitches in a musical line. There is usually a consistent proportion in relation to the original meloday (e.g., each original duration may be doubled) Cadential Extension - A type of extension occurring at the end of a phrase. Typically, the cadence is repeated with little new or elaborative melodic material. Coda - A section of music at the end of a piece, generally following a strong cadence in the tonic. Serves to extend the tonic area and bring the work to a close. Compound Melody - A melody created by the interaction of two or three voices, usually separated by register. Often features large leaps. Contour Motive - A motive that maintains its contour, or musical shape, but changes its intervals; its rhythm may or may not be altered. Diminution - The process of systematically shortening the duration of pitches in a melodic line. There is usually a consistent proportion in relation to the original melody (e.g., all note values may be reduced by a half). Elision - The simultaneous ending of one phrase and beginning of another, articulated by the same pitches. Extension - (1) The lengthening of a motive, melody, or phrase. (2) A pitch added to a triad or seventh chord (e.g., an added sixth, ninth, or eleventh). Fortspinnung - A feature of Baroque-era works in which a melody is "spun out" in uninterrupted fashion. Continuous motion, uneven phrase lengths, melodic or harmonic sequences, changes of key, and elided phrases are all characteristics of Fortspinnung passages. Fragmentation - The isolation and/or development of a small but recognizable part of a motive. Hypermeter - A high-level metric grouping that interprets groups of measures as though they were groups of beats within a single measure. Hypermetric analyses may label entire bars of music as metrically strong or weak. Inversion (motivic) - A melodic or motivic transformation in which successive generic intervals reverse direction (e.g., an ascending third becomes a descending third). Lead-In - A musical passage that connects the end of one melodic phrase with the beginning of the next. Link - Same as lead in. Metric Reinterpretation - A disruption in the established regular hypermetric pattern at the cadence. This can occur when a weak measure simultaneously functions as a strong measure in the case of a phrase elision. Overlap - (1) A means of phrase connection in which one phrase ends simultaneously with the beginning of the next. May involve more than one musical layer: while one or more voice parts finish the first phrase, one or more other voice parts simultaneously begin the next. (2) A voice-leading error in which one voice overlaps into the register of an adjacent voice on an adjacent beat. Phrase Rhythm - The interaction of hypermeter and phrase structure. Rhythmic Motive - A motive that maintains its rhythm but changes its contour and interval structure. Step Progression - A technique for writing compound melody, in which nonadjacent pitches are connected by an overall stepwise motion. Subphrase - A melodic and harmonic unit smaller than a phrase. Subphrases complete only a portion of the basic phrase progression and do not conclude with a cadence. Tonal Inversion - A melodic or motivic transformation in which successive ordered pitch intervals reverse direction (e.g., a +2 becomes a -2). Truncate - To cut off a melody or motive before it ends.